A recipes of sex offenders are systems in different countries designed to enable governments to track the activities of offenders including those who have completed their criminal penalties. In some jurisdictions, where registration of a sex offender may, the registration is accompanied by a residential address notification requirement. In many jurisdictions, registered sex offenders are subject to additional restrictions, including on housing. Those who undergo a parole or probation may be subject to restrictions that do not apply to other parole or trial. Sometimes, this includes (or has been proposed to include) restrictions on being in the presence of minors (below the age of majority), living near schools or childcare centers, having toys or items targeted to children , or using the internet. The sex offenders register is in many English-speaking countries, including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United States, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, South Africa, the United Kingdom, Israel, and the Republic of Ireland. The United States is the only country with a publicly accessible registry; all other countries in the English-speaking world have registrants of sex offenders that are only accessible by law enforcement.
In a violation-based system, registration is required when a person is sentenced under one of the registered violations requiring registration. In the US Federal system, registered persons are incorporated into level programs based on violations of their beliefs. Risk-based systems have been proposed but not implemented at the time of printing.
In the United States, most states apply for infringement-based registrations, leaving the risk level of perpetrators and the severity of actual violations uncertain. Some US states that implement a risk-based system are pressured by the US federal government to adopt a violation-based system in accordance with Child Safety and Protection Act Adam Walsh. Research has shown that actuarial risk assessment instruments consistently outperform violation-based systems mandated by federal law. As a result, the effectiveness of infringement-based registries has been questioned by professionals, and there is evidence to suggest that such registrars are counterproductive.
Several aspects of current sexual offenders registering in the United States have been heavily criticized by civil rights organizations Human Rights Watch and the ACLU, professional associations for the Treatment of Sexual Abuse and Criminal Defense Lawyers' Association, reformist groups, Law Offenders Act Sex, Inc., Women Against Registry and USA FAIR, and by child safety advocate Patty Wetterling, Chairman of the National Center for Missing & amp; Children Exploited. Virtually no research has found an effective US enrollment, prompting some researchers to call it useless, many even calling it counterproductive, arguing that they increase the rate of retaliation.
Video Sex offender registry
Sex offenders are registered by country
Australia
The Australian National Child Offender Register (ANCOR) is a web-based system used in all jurisdictions. The police authorities use the ANCOR to monitor people convicted of child sexual offenses and certain other offenses after they have served their sentences. Offenders are monitored for eight years, 15 years or the rest of their lives (four years or 7½ years for juvenile offenders). As of March 1, 2011, there are 12,596 registered registries across Australia.
Canada
Canada's National Sex Abuse Rescue (NSOR) entered into force on 15 December 2004, with the issuance of the Gender Enrollment Act (SOIR Act). The public does not have access to the registry.
Since 2001, the Province of Ontario operates its sexual crime registry along with federal registration. Unlike a federal registry that has an opt-out provision if the offender can convince their judge is not a threat, the Ontario registry does not have such a provision. Consequently, individuals who have been convicted of offenses determined at any time after 2001, and moved to Ontario, are required to register for a period of at least 10 years. The enrollment period begins on the day the former principal moves to Ontario.
ireland
Under the Sexual Offenders Act of 2001, all persons convicted for certain sexual offenses are required to notify the police within 7 days of their name and address. They should also notify the police of any changes to this information or if they intend to stay elsewhere other than their registered address for more than 7 days (including if they are traveling abroad). Individuals are subject to these registration requirements for various durations, based on the shear stress scale they receive. This scale is as follows:
New Zealand
The New Zealand government has plans to introduce a list of sex offenders by the end of 2014. It will be managed by New Zealand Police and information will be shared between Police, Children, Youth and Families, Corrections Department, Ministry of Social Development, and Department of Buildings and Housing - handle child safety. Like the Australian and British registers, the list of New Zealand sex offenders will not be accessible to the general public but only to officials with security clearance. It will also include individuals who have been given name emphasis. The proposed register has received support from the ruling National Party and the opposition Labor Party. But the political lobbying group Trust Sensible Perdaaan criticized the proposed list for lack of public access.
On August 4, 2014, the New Zealand Cabinet formally approved the creation of a list of sex offenders. According to Anne Tolley Police and Corruption Minister, the Cabinet has agreed to allocate $ 35.5 million over the next ten years to register technology components and initial ICT work is underway on August 14, 2014. The sex offenders list is expected to be operational by 2016 after allowing legislation passed and changes made to the Correction Act to enable the sharing of information.
South Africa
The National Register for Sex Offenders is established in the form of the Criminal Amendment Law (Sexual Offenses and Related Affairs), 2007. It records the details of anyone convicted of a sexual offense against a child or a mentally disabled person. The public does not have access to the registry; it is available to employers of persons working with children or mentally disabled persons, to responsible authorities for licensing institutions caring for children or mentally disabled persons, and to those responsible to approve upbringing and adoption. People enrolled in the list are prohibited from working with children or mentally handicapped people, from administering institutions that care for children or mentally disabled people, and from being foster parents or adoptive parents.
Trinidad and Tobago
The Sexual Assault Act Chapter 11:28 Part III provides the Notice Requirements for Sex Offenders. The Gender Offenders List is accessible only by Police and other branches of government. There are several loopholes in this policy that are noted by members of the Caribbean Committee against Sexual Crimes, particularly that the registry deals only with violations committed within the Jurisdiction of Trinidad and Tobago. People registered as Sex Offenders from other jurisdictions are not registered when they immigrate or are deported to Trinidad and Tobago.
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, Violence and Violence List (ViSOR) is the database of records of persons required to enroll in the Police under the 2003 Sexual Assault Act, they are jailed for more than 12 months for violation offenses, and dissatisfied persons are considered at risk of offending. This list can be accessed by Police, National Probation Service and HM Prison Service personnel. It is managed by the National Police Improvement Agency of the Head Office.
United States
The register of sex offenders in the United States consists of federal and state level systems designed to collect information from sex offenders who are convicted for law enforcement and the purposes of public notice. All 50 states and the District of Columbia maintain registrants that are open to the public through sex offenders websites, although some registered sex offenders are only visible to law enforcement. According to NCMEC, by 2015 there are 843,260 sex offenders registered in the United States. Registrants must periodically appear personally to their local law enforcement for the purpose of collecting their personal information, such as photographs, fingerprints, names, scars, tattoos, residential addresses, workplaces and vehicle information.
Information relating to names, addresses, physical descriptions and vehicles is published through the official website. In addition, registrars are often subject to restrictions that bar loitering, working or living in an exception zone that sometimes covers the entire city and has forced registrants to camp, such as the Julia Tuttle Causeway colony of sex offenders.
Anthropologist Professor Roger Lancaster called the restriction "the same as disposal practices" which he deemed disproportionate, noting that the registrant includes not only the "worst of the worst" but also the "adult supplying pornography to minors; young school teachers who fall in love with one of their students, a man who urinates publicly, or is caught having sex in a remote area of ​​a public park after dark. "In many instances individuals have pleaded guilty to such offenses public urination a few decades ago, did not realize the result was their placement on the list of sex offenders, and all the restrictions that accompany it.
Depending on jurisdiction, offenses that require registration ranges in severity from public urination or children and teenagers who experiment with their peers, with violent violent predatory predators. In some countries, non-sexual violations such as unlawful imprisonment may require registration of sex offenders. According to Human Rights Watch, 9-year-olds have been placed in the registry to experiment sexually with their friends. Teenage juveniles account for 25 percent of applicants. The Federal Adam Walsh Act presses countries to enroll teenagers by binding federal funds to the level at which enrollment states adhere to the federal law classification system for sex offenders.
The state implements a different set of criteria that dictate which violators are made publicly visible. Some countries are scientifically evaluating the perpetrators' future risks and hiding low-risk offenders from the public. In other countries, violators are categorized according to the degree level associated with the law of confidence. The duration of enrollment varies typically from 10 years to life depending on country laws and risk levels/categories/categories. Some countries exclude low-level offenders from temporary public enforcers in other countries, all violators are publicly listed. Some countries offer the possibility to file a petition to be removed from the registry under certain circumstances.
The majority of countries implement systems based on conviction violations only, where registration of sex offenders is mandatory if people plead or are found guilty of violating one of the listed violations. Under this system, the judge does not punish the convicted person on the list of sex offenders and can not usually use the court's discretion not to comply with the registration requirements, even if he thinks registration would be unreasonable, taking into account the mitigation of factors - factors related to individual cases. On the contrary, registration is a mandatory collateral consequence of a criminal penalty. Because of this feature, legislation targets behavior and tends to treat all the same offenders. Civil rights groups, law reform activists, academics, some child safety advocates, politicians and law enforcement officials think that current legislation often targets people who are wrong, diverting attention from high-risk sex offenders, while profoundly affecting the lives of all registries, and they family, trying to reintegrate into society.
The United States Supreme Court has upheld the double sex offender registration law, in two respects. Nevertheless, some challenges to some parts of the state-level sex offender law have been successful.
Maps Sex offender registry
Apps for violations other than criminal sexual offenses
The registration of sex offenders has been applied to crimes other than rape, child abuse, and child pornography violations and sometimes applied to certain non-sexual offenses.
In Connecticut, persons with national convictions for certain offenses must register, including: Public Noncompliance, in violation of C.G.S. Ã, § 53a-186, provided the court finds victims under 18 years of age; and Sexual Assault, Degree 4, in violation of C.G.S. Ã,§ 53a-73a.
In New York and elsewhere, crimes that people do not need to be seen as sexually naturally are also regarded as sexually identifiable violations, such as kidnappings, "sexual offenses", illegal imprisonment, and in some cases "sexually motivated violations" (such as assault, robbery, etc.) that are not categorized as sexual violations unless the court decides that the violation is committed in accordance with the perpetrator's own sexual satisfaction. Particularly in New York, unlawful kidnappings and imprisonment are offenses that can be registered only if the victim is under 17 and the offender is not the victim's parents.
In Kentucky, all sex offenders who moved to the state and were asked to register in their home country were previously required to enroll in Kentucky for life, even if they were not required to register to live in their previous residence.
Some states have also created separate online registry for crimes other than sex offenses. Montana, for example, has a publicly accessible violence registry that includes crimes such as aggravated assaults, robberies, attacking a police officer, either intentional or unintentional murder and a third conviction for domestic violence. Kansas has publicly accessible registrars from people convicted of serious drug offenses and people convicted of crimes involving weapons. Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Montana all have publicly accessible registrations for those convicted of murder. Florida requires all criminals, regardless of their crimes, to register with law enforcement for 5 years after being released, even though the Florida badán registry is not available to the general public. If a criminal in Florida is convicted of sufficient non-sexual crimes within a certain period of time, however, they are required to register for the rest of their lives on "Habitat Exterminator" available to the general public. Ohio has a publicly accessible registry for people convicted five times or more of motion sickness.
By 2014, a proposed homicide registration in Rhode Island and an animal tappers registry is proposed in Pennsylvania. The bill to create a publicly accessible registry for violent domestic offenders passes the Texas House of Representatives in 2013, but is not selected in the Texas Senate.
Public disclosure of sex offenders
Currently, only the United States is possible, and more often than not requires disclosure of information of public offenders, regardless of individual risk. Other countries do not make sexual harassment information public, unless risk assessments have been made and the perpetrator has determined to pose a high risk of re-attack.
In the United States
In some places in the United States, a list of all sex offenders is publicly available: for example, through newspapers, community notices, or the internet. However, in other areas, the full list is not available to the general public but is known to the police. In the United States violators are often classified into three categories: Level Offers I, Level II, and Level III, information is usually accessible at that level (information becomes more accessible to the public for higher level offenders). In some US jurisdictions, the level of offender reflects the risk of recidivism being evaluated by individual actors, while in others, the level is only designated by the virtue of the belief, regardless of the level of risk posed by the offender.
In general, in countries that apply risk-based registry schemes, low-risk offenders (Tier I) are often excluded from public disclosure. In some states, only the highest risk offenders (Tier III) are subject to public disclosure, while some states also include moderate (Level II) offenders on public websites.
In countries that meet SORNA requirements, only Tier I registrants may be exempt from public disclosure, but since SORNA only establishes the minimum set of rules that the country must follow, many countries that comply with SORNA have adopted a more stringent system and have chosen to disclose information of all levels. Some countries have disclosed some Tier I offenders, while in some countries, all Level I Offenders are excluded from public disclosure.
Just like different countries with regard to disclosure of information on different Levels/Levels, they are also different in relation to grouping violations into levels. Thus, identical violations committed in different countries can produce very different results in terms of public disclosure and the registration period. Violations classified as Level I violations within a country without public disclosure may be classified as a Level II or Level III violation in another court, leading to a much longer period of public registration and disclosure. The gap in state legislation has caused unanticipated problems for some registrants when moving from country to country, finding themselves subject to public disclosure on websites of their country's sex offenders, and longer registration periods (sometimes as old as life), even though they were originally excluded from public registration and required to register for a shorter period. Some states seem to apply "capture all" laws to former registrants who move to their jurisdiction, require registration and posting of public information, even when the person has completed their original enrollment period. At least one state (Illinois) reclassifies all registries moving in the state to the highest level (Sexual Predators), regardless of the original level of the person, leading to lifetime registration requirements and openly labeled as "Sexual Predators". As noted earlier, Kentucky requires a lifetime registration for all currently registered individuals who move to the state.
Determining the level of tier and whether a person will be subject to public disclosure, when moving to another country, can be almost impossible without consulting with lawyers or officials responsible for administering registration in the destination country, due to the ever-changing laws and ambiguities in some countries of the legislative language.
While differences in the level of public disclosure among different countries can cause unforeseen problems after registration, they also cause some registrants to move to locations where public disclosure of lower level offenders is not allowed, in order to avoid public persecution and adverse effects other than the public disclosure they experience at their original location.
Additional restrictions outside of public notification
Sex offenders with parole or trial period are generally subject to the same restrictions as other liberation and exemption.
Sex offenders who have completed probation or parole may also be subject to restrictions above and beyond most criminals. In some jurisdictions, they can not live within a certain distance from places that children or families collect. Such places are usually schools, worship centers, and parks, but can also include public places (stadiums), airports, apartments, malls, large retail stores, campuses, and certain neighborhoods (except for important business). In some states, they may also be barred from voting after a sentence is completed and, at the federal level, is prohibited from possessing firearms, like all criminals.
Some states have Civil Exclusion laws, which allow high-risk sex offenders to be placed in safe facilities, "in many ways like prisons", where they should be offered treatment and regularly re-evaluated for possible release. In practice, most states with centers of Civil Commitment rarely release anyone. Texas has not released anyone in 15 years since the program began. By 2015, in response to a class action lawsuit, a Federal judge decides Minnesota's Civil Commitment program is unconstitutional, both for not providing effective treatment and not completely freeing anyone since the program began in 1994.
The state of Missouri now limits the activities of sex offenders listed on Halloween, which requires them to avoid Halloween-related contacts with children and stay at their registered home address from 5 pm. at 10:30 pm, unless they were asked to work that night. Regardless of whether they are at work, the offender must extinguish all the outdoor housing lighting and post a sign stating, "No candy or food at this residence - the sex offender at this residence".
In the United Kingdom, anyone convicted of any offense can not work in the field of law, medical, teaching, or the nursing profession. List 99 includes people convicted of sexual offenses prohibited from working in education and social work, although it also includes people convicted of theft, fraud, corruption, assault, and drug offenses.
Facebook and Instagram forbid sex offenders to access or contribute to their websites.
Effectiveness and consequences
Most victims of sexual violations are known by the offender - including friends, family, or other trusted adults such as teachers. This is contrary to media portrayals of stranger attacks or child molesters who kidnap children they do not know. Thus, despite public awareness of the existence of sex offenders, there is little evidence to support the claim that compulsory registration has made people safer. According to ATSA, only in states that use empirically derived risk assessment procedures and publicly identify only high risk offenders, public notice has shown some effectiveness. The majority of U.S. states do not use risk assessment tools when determining inclusion in the registry, although studies have shown that actuarial risk assessment instruments, created by constructing risk factors discovered by research correlated with re-offs, consistently outperform a violation-based system.
Studies almost always show that residency restrictions increase the level of recidivism offenders by increasing homeless homelessness and increasing instability in the life of a sex offender. According to the Ministry of Justice study, 5.3% of sex offenders released from prison in 1994 were arrested for a new sex offense after 3 years. Robbers, arsonists and property offenders (all of whom have a recidivism rate of 60-70 percent after 3 years) are the groups most likely to return to attack. Despite the public perception of sex offenders as high recidivism, sex offenders have the second lowest recidivist rate, after only killers, but sex offenders are about four times more likely than non-sex offenders arrested for other sex crimes after they are fired. jail. Subsequent studies conducted by the Department of Justice showed a lower sex offender rate of about 2.1 percent after 3 years. However, since sex crimes are the most reported crime, does the rate of recidivism of 5.3% of sex offenders from the Justice Department is unclear. The recidivism rate only measures how many people return to prison or are arrested for new offenses and does not measure how many people actually commit a new crime (some criminals commit a new offense after being released from prison but not caught.) In the late 2000s , a study showed that offenders of Indiana recidivism were 1.03% after 3 years. Studies consistently show rates of sexual harassment recidivism from 1-4% after 3 years, recomposition is usually about 5-10% after long follow-up (such as follow-up 10-25 years).
A study by professors from Columbia University and the University of Michigan found that having a registrant of police-only criminals (eg, UK, Canada, Australia) significantly reduced the recidivism of sex offenders, but made information about commonly available sex offenders significantly increase the rate recidivism. This is because making information on public sex offenders increases the stress of the offenders and also makes the mind to return to prison less threatening, as some criminals may feel getting back to prison is not much worse than being on the public list. Some sex offenders may come to see their central identity as sex offenders because of the registry, and the more sex actors view themselves as criminals, the more likely they are to pay back. However, the study also found that making the registration of sex offenders available to the public may prevent some of the first sex offenders to commit offenses that will get them enrolled in the first place. The thought of entering the list of sex offenders may or may not deter non-sex offenders from committing sex crimes.
A 2008 study found no evidence that New York's registration or notification laws reduce sexual violations by rapists, child abusers, sexual recidivists, or first-time offenders.
A study by Chicago University graduate student Amanda Agan compares the rates of sex perpetrators in countries where sex offenders were asked to enroll in 1994 with countries where they were not required to enroll in 1994. The result of this study is that recidivism sex offenders are, in fact, slightly lower in countries where sex offenders are not required to register. It makes you wonder whether creating a registrant of sex offenders is a rational idea. The study also shows that a block in Washington DC where live sex offenders do not have higher levels of abuse than blocks where sex offenders do not live.
At least in two cases, convicted sex offenders were murdered after their information was available through the Internet. Couples, children and other family members of the sex offender often have negative consequences as a result of having family members in the registry. For example, restrictions on dwellings will make it difficult for couples and sex offenders, not just sex offenders themselves, to look for housing. Residency restrictions can even lead the families of sex offenders to become homeless. Couples and child victims of sexual abuse may also face harassment and financial difficulties as a result of the status of their beloved sex offender. More than half of children of sex offenders say that students' friends treat them worse because of the parental RSO status.
The Human Rights Watch organization criticized this law in a 146-page report published in 2007, and in other reports in 2013.
Registration and homelessness
The people listed in the perpetrator database are usually asked to notify the government when they change their residence. This notification requirement is problematic in cases where registered offenders are homeless.
The State of Washington is among those who have special provisions in their registration code that includes homeless offenders, but not all countries have such a provision. The Maryland Decision of the Court of Appeal in November 2006 freed the homeless from the state's registration requirements, which has prompted him to draft a new law covering this possibility.
A 2007 news report reveals that some registered sex offenders live outside or under Julia Tuttle Causeway in Miami, Florida because the Miami-Dade County administration, which is tighter than Florida state law, makes it almost impossible for them to found housing. The colonies on the causeway grew to 140 applicants who lived there in July 2009, but eventually became politically embarrassed and dissolved in April 2010, when residents moved to acceptable housing in the area. However, many returned to homeless, sleeping along the railroad tracks.
In 2013 Suffolk County, New York, which has imposed stricter restrictions on sex offenders than is required by New York state law, is faced with a situation in which 40 perpetrators live in two narrow trailers located in remote locations. This situation has been created by the region in 2007 as a solution to the problem of housing sex offenders.
Child abuser
The question of how to properly handle underage sex offenders has led to some of the most emotional appeals against registrants of sex offenders.
In 2017, the Associated Press investigation found that for every adult violation of children, there are seven sexual violations of children. These crimes are rarely reported in the media or prosecuted. However, in a Human Rights Watch 2013 investigation of strict US law, it was found that children as young as 11 years old were sometimes forced to enroll in a long-term searchable public database. In some US jurisdictions, adolescent couples agreeing to have naked photographs each have also been accused of child pornography and forced to register as sex offenders under mandatory penalty requirements.
See also
- Support and Accountability Circles
- Sarah's Law
- United States Marshall Service
References
External links
- Deptos of Justice offenders sex law
- The sex offender registry by status at PublicRecordsWire.com
- Reform Sex Readers, Laws Inc. RSOL
- Reports & amp; Paper on Sex Violations
- Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers
- inaccurate Registry
- Sex Actor Accused of Falsifying a Family Name
- Sometimes "sorry" did not cut it The police stormed the apartment long after the sex offender had gone out
- Notice of the Sex Offenders in Scotland (Briefing Paper)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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