Edmund Gerald "Jerry" Brown Jr. (born April 7, 1938) is an American politician, author and lawyer who served as California's 39th Governor and now since 2011, formerly holding positions from 1975 to 1983, making him the longest governor of the state. As a result of the 28-year gap between the second and third terms, Brown is California's oldest and sixth youngest governor.
His father, Edmund "Pat" Brown, served as the 32nd California Governor from 1959 to 1967. Jerry Brown, after graduating from the University of California, Berkeley and Yale University, began his political career as a member of the Los Angeles Community College District Supervisory Board (1969- 1971). He was elected to serve as California's 23rd State Minister in 1971 and served until 1975.
At 36, Brown was elected for his first term as Governor in 1974, making him California's youngest governor in 111 years. In 1978, he won his second term. During and after his first governor Brown broke out three times as a candidate for the Democratic nomination in the 1976, 1980, and 1992 presidential elections. He refused to pursue a third term in 1982, instead choosing not to run for the United States Senate in the same year. After traveling abroad, he returned to California and served as Chairman of the California Democratic Party (1989-1991), attempting to run for the Senate once again in 1992.
After six years out of politics, Brown returned to public life, serving as the Mayor of Oakland from 1999 to 2007, and then the California Attorney General from 2007 to 2011. He ran for his third and fourth term as Governor in 2010 and 2014, respectively -something.. His eligibility to do so comes from the clause of the grandfather of the California constitution. On October 7, 2013, he became the longest governor in California history, surpassing Earl Warren.
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Brown was born in San Francisco, California, the only son of four children born to San Francisco District Attorney and then California Governor Edmund Gerald "Pat" Brown Sr., and his wife, Bernice Layne. Brown's father is half Irish and half German. His great-great-grandfather August Schuckman, a German immigrant, settled in California in 1852 during the California Gold Rush.
Brown is a member of the California Cadet Corps at St. Ignatius, where he graduated in 1955. In 1955, Brown entered Santa Clara University for a year and went to attend the Sacred Heart Novitiate, a new Jesuit home in Los Gatos, to become a Catholic priest. Brown lived in novitiates from August 1956 to January 1960 before enrolling at the University of California, Berkeley, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Classics in 1961. With his school fees paid by the Louis Lurie Foundation, including a $ 675 scholarship in 1963, Brown went on to Yale Law School and graduated with a Bachelor of Law in 1964. After law school, Brown worked as a legal officer for California Supreme Court Justice, Mathew Tobriner.
Back in California, Brown took a state exam and graduated on his second attempt. He then settled in Los Angeles and joined Tuttle & amp; Taylor. In 1969, Brown ran for the newly formed Los Angeles Community Watch Council, which oversees the city's college, and is ranked first in the 124 field.
Maps Jerry Brown
California California Secretary of State (1971-1975)
In 1970, Brown was elected as California State Minister. Brown argued before the California Supreme Court and won a number of cases against Standard Oil of California, International Phone and Telegraph, Gulf Oil and Mobil for violation of election law. In addition, he forced legislators to comply with campaign disclosure laws. Brown also drafted and helped pass the 1974 California Political Reform Act, Proposition 9, adopted by 70% of California voters in June 1974. Among other provisions, he founded the California Fair Political Practice Commission.
34 California governors (1975-1983)
First term
In 1974, Brown ran for a major Democratic election for the California governor against California Assembly Chief Bob Moretti, San Francisco Mayor Joseph L. Alioto, Representative Jerome R. Waldie, and others. Brown won the first with the recognition of his father's name, Pat Brown, who admired many people for his progressive administration. In the General Elections of November 5, 1974, Brown was elected as California Governor of the California State Controller Houston I. Flournoy; Republicans consider the disappearance of anti-Republican feelings from Watergate, an election held just ninety days after President Richard Nixon resigned from office. Brown replaced Republican Gov. Ronald Reagan, who retired after two periods.
After taking office, Brown gained a reputation as a fiscal conservative. The American Conservative later recorded him "much more fiscally conservative than Governor Reagan". Its fiscal curbs resulted in one of the largest budget surpluses in the country's history, about $ 5 billion. For his personal life, Brown rejected many of the privileges and privileges of the office, leaving a newly built 20,000-square-foot residence in the suburb of Carmichael and instead rented a $ 250 per month apartment on the corner of 14 and N The streets, adjacent to Capitol Park in the center city ​​of Sacramento. Instead of riding as a passenger in a driver's limousine as the previous governor did, Brown walked to work and ride in the Plymouth Satellite sedan.
As governor, Brown has a strong interest in environmental issues. He appointed J. Baldwin to work at the newly created Office of Proper Technology Genting California, Sim Van der Ryn as the State Architect, Stewart Brand as Special Advisor, John Bryson as chairman of the Water Council of the State of California. Brown also reorganized the California Arts Council, raising its funding by 1300 percent and appointing artists to councils and appointing more women and minorities to the office than previous California governors. In 1977, he sponsored "the first tax incentives for the solar roof", among many environmental initiatives. In 1975, Brown earned a "waiver of allowance" reduction, tax breaks for the state oil industry, despite attempts by lobbyist Joe Shell, a former intraparty rival to Richard M. Nixon.
Like his father, Brown strongly opposed the death penalty and vetoed as governor, who ruled out the legislature in 1977. He also appointed a judge who opposed the death penalty. One of these promises, Rose Bird as Chief Justice of the California Supreme Court, was issued in 1987 after a powerful campaign financed by business interests endeared by "pro-labor" and "pro-freedom of speech" decisions. The death penalty is only a "false pretext" to be used against it, though the Bird Court has consistently upheld the constitutionality of the death penalty. In 1960, he lobbied his father, then the governor, to save the life of Caryl Chessman and reportedly won 60 days for him.
Brown supports a Balanced Budget Amendment and opposes Proposition 13, the latter will lower property taxes and greatly reduce revenues to cities and districts. When Proposition 13 was adopted in June 1978, it cut the expenditure of the state, and together with the Legislature, spent most of its $ 5 billion surplus to meet the requirements of the proposition and helped offset the income losses that made cities, districts and schools more dependent on the state. His actions in response to the proposition earned him praise from Writer 13 author Howard Jarvis who went so far as to make a television commercial for Brown shortly before his reelection in 1978. The controversial proposition immediately cut tax revenues and required two-imitating supermajority to raise taxes. Max Neiman, a professor at the Institute of Governmental Studies at the University of California, Berkeley, praised Brown for "canceling local authorities and school districts", but felt it was dangerous "because it makes it easier for people to believe that Proposition 13 is not harmless". In an interview in 2014, Brown pointed out that "casket" will help his campaign as an alternative to Proposition 13.
1976 presidential election
Brown started his first campaign for a Democratic nomination for president on March 16, 1976, at the end of the main season and more than a year after several candidates began campaigning. Brown states: "The country is rich, but not as rich as we have believed, the choice to do one thing can hinder the others." In short, we are entering an era of limits.
Brown's name began to appear on the main ballot in May and he won in Maryland, Nevada, and his state in California. He missed a deadline in Oregon, but he ran as a writing candidate and finished third behind Jimmy Carter and Senator Frank Church of Idaho. Brown is often credited with winning predecessors in New Jersey and Rhode Island, but in reality, the committed delegates that Brown advocates in those countries are over. With support from Louisiana Governor Edwin Edwards, Brown won the majority of delegates at the Louisiana delegation's election convention; thus Louisiana is the only southern state that does not support South Carter or Alabama Governor George Wallace. Despite this success, he could not stop Carter's momentum, and his rival was nominated at the first vote at the 1976 Democratic National Convention. Brown finished third with about 300 delegates, slightly behind Congressman Morris Udall and Carter.
Second term
Brown won re-election in 1978 against Republican Attorney General Evelle J. Younger. Brown appointed the first openly gay judge in the United States when he named Stephen Lachs to serve at the Los Angeles County Superior Court in 1979. In 1981, he also appointed the first openly lesbian judge in the United States, Mary C. Morgan to the San Francisco Court. Brown completed his second term after setting a total of five gay judges, including Rand Schrader and Jerold Krieger. Through his first term as governor, Brown did not appoint gay people openly to any position, but he mentioned the failed Briggs 1978 Initiative, which attempted to forbid homosexuals from working in public schools in California, due to his increased support for the rights -got gay. The governor also signed AB 489, The Consenting Adult Sex Act, which decriminalizes homosexual behavior among adults, adding to this reputation. He also signed AB 607, which prohibited homosexuals from receiving a civil marriage license, in 1977.
Brown championed the Peripheral Canal project to transport water from nearby Sacramento around the Sacramento Delta-San Joaquin to the Central Valley Project, and export it to southern California. It was submitted to voters for approval as a ballot proposition in 1982, but was rejected.
In 1981, Brown, who had built a reputation as a strong environmental activist, was confronted with a serious medfly infestation in the San Francisco Bay Area. He was advised by the state agricultural industry, and the US Department of Agriculture Animal Health and Plant Inspection Service (APHIS), to certify air spraying in the region. Initially, in accordance with his environmental protection stance, he chose to authorize spraying on the surface only. Unfortunately, the infestation spreads as the medfly reproduction cycle outside of spraying. After more than a month, millions of dollars of crops destroyed and billions of dollars more threatened. Governor Brown then endorsed a massive response to the infestation. The helicopter fleet squirts malathion at night, and the California National Guard sets up a highway checkpoint and gathers tons of local fruit; In the final stages of the campaign, entomologists issue millions of sterile male drugs in an attempt to disrupt the reproductive cycle of insects.
In the end, the infestation was eradicated, but the Governor's delay and the scale of action have remained controversial ever since. Some people claim that malathion is toxic to humans, as well as insects. In response to these concerns, Brown's chief of staff, B. T. Collins, held a press conference in which he openly drank a glass of malathion. Many people complain that, while malathion may not be highly toxic to humans, the aerosol-containing spray is corrosive to car paint.
Brown proposed the creation of the state space academy and the purchase of satellites to be launched into orbit to provide emergency communications for the country - proposals similar to those eventually adopted. In 1979, an out-of-state columnist Mike Royko at the Chicago Sun-Times took the nickname of Brown's girlfriend at the time, Linda Ronstadt, cited in 1978. Rolling Stone mock jokes interview called him "Moonbeam". A year later, Royko expressed his regret for publishing his nickname, and in 1991 Royko denied it entirely, stating that Brown was as serious as any other politician. Some important figures are given priority, access correspondence to him in advisory or personal role. These include the founders of United Farm Workers of America Cesar Chavez, Hewlett-Packard co-founder David Packard, labor leader Jack Henning, and Charles Manatt, then chairman of the California State Democratic Party. Mail is routed as a VIP to be sent directly to the governor. However, it is unclear how long this has happened.
In 1978, the San Francisco punk band, Dead Kennedys' first single, "California ÃÆ'berber Alles", from the album Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables, was released; This is done from the point of view then Governor Brown painted a picture of the hippie-fascist state, insinuating what they consider the mandate of fascist liberal ideas, commenting on what the lyricist Jello Biafra says as the corrosive nature of power. The imaginary Brown has become President Brown who leads the secret police and gas chambers. Biafra then said in an interview with Nardwuar that he now feels different about Brown; it turns out Brown is not as bad as Biafra imagines, and subsequent songs have been written about other politicians who are considered worse.
Brown chose not to run for a third term in 1982, and instead run for the US Senate, but lost to San Diego Mayor Pete Wilson. He was replaced as governor by George Deukmejian, then the state attorney general, on January 3, 1983.
1980 presidential election
In 1980, Brown challenged Carter to re-nomination. His candidacy has been anticipated by the press since he won re-election as governor in 1978 over Republican Evelle Younger with 1.3 million votes, the biggest margin in California history. But Brown has trouble getting traction in fundraising and polls for presidential nominations. This is widely believed to be the result of Sen. Ted Kennedy's more prominent candidate from Massachusetts. The Brown Platform of 1980, which he claims to be the natural outcome of incorporating Buckminster Fuller's vision of EF Schumacher's future and EF Schumacher's theory of "Buddhist economics", has grown considerably since 1976. Its "border era" slogan has been replaced by a promise to, he said, "Protect the Earth, serve the people, and explore the universe".
The three main boards of the platform are calls for constitutional conventions to ratify the Balanced Budget Amendment; promises to raise funds for the space program as "the first step in bringing us to solar-powered space satellites to provide solar energy for the planet"; and, in the wake of the Three Mile Island 1979 crash, the opposition to nuclear power. On the issue of the 1979 energy crisis, Mr Brown condemned Faustian's "bargain" which he claims Carter has entered with the oil industry, and declares that he will greatly increase federal research funding into solar power. He supported the idea of ​​mandatory non-military national service for the nation's youth and suggested that the Department of Defense reduce troop support while increasing the number of combat troops.
Brown opposed Kennedy's call for universal national health insurance and opposed Carter's call for an employer's mandate to provide horrible private health insurance. Alternatively, he suggests a tax credit program for those who do not smoke or damage their health, saying: "Those who abuse their bodies should not abuse us all by taking our tax dollars." Brown also called for expanding the use of acupuncture and midwifery.
As Brown's campaign began to attract more members than what some conservative commentators have said as "fringe", including activists like Jane Fonda, Tom Hayden, and Jesse Jackson, the number of polls began to suffer. Brown received only 10 percent of the vote in primary New Hampshire, and he was soon forced to announce that his decision to stay in the race would depend on a good show in Wisconsin. Although he had done a good poll there during the primary season, attempts to film live speeches in Madison, the state capital, became a special effect filled, a 30 minute advertisement (produced and directed by Francis Ford Coppola) was a disaster.
Defeat of the Senate and public life
In 1982, Brown chose not to seek a third position as governor; on the contrary, he ran for the US Senate for seats vacated by the Republic of S.I. Hayakawa. He was defeated by Republican San Diego Mayor Pete Wilson by a margin of 52% to 45%. After the Senate's defeat, Brown was left with some political options. Republican George Deukmejian, a Brown critic, won the governor in 1982, replacing Brown, and was re-elected in 1986. After the Senate's defeat in 1982, many regarded Brown's political career to be over.
Brown went to Japan to study Buddhism, studying with Christian/Zen practitioners, Hugo Enomiya-Lassalle under Yamada Koun-roshi. In an interview, he explains, "Because politics is based on illusion, zazen clearly gives new insight to a politician, I then return to California and politics, at a critical distance from some of my more comfortable assumptions." She also visited Mother Teresa in Calcutta, India, where she served the sick in one of her nursing homes. He explained, "Politics is a power struggle to reach the top of the pile, Calcutta and Mother Teresa working with people who are under the heap, and to see them no different from yourself, and their needs as important as your needs. You are there to serve them, and do that you achieve the best possible circumstances. "
Upon returning from overseas in 1988 Brown announced that he would stand as a candidate to become chairman of the California Democratic Party, winning against investment banker Steve Westly. Although Brown greatly expanded the party donor base and increased his purse, focusing on grassroots organizing and voting, he was criticized for not spending enough money on TV commercials, which he felt had contributed to Democratic losses in several nearby countries. race in 1990. In early 1991, Brown suddenly resigned from his post and announced that he would run for the Senate seat held by retiring Alan Cranston. Although Brown consistently leads in voting for candidacy and elections, he abandons the campaign, instead deciding to run for president for the third time.
presidential election 1992
When Brown announced his intention to run for president against President George H. W. Bush, many in the media and his own party dismissed his campaign for having little chance of significant support. Ignoring them, Brown started a grassroots campaign, in his own words, "taking back America from a confederation of corruption, careerism, and campaign consultation in Washington." In his stubborn speech, first used when officially announcing his candidacy on the steps of Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Brown told the audience that he would accept campaign contributions from individuals only and that he would not receive more than $ 100. Continuing with the theme of popular reform , he invaded what he called the "bipartisan incumbent Party in Washington" and called for a deadline for members of Congress. Citing recent scandals on Capitol Hill, in particular recent banking scandals and major congressional pay increases from 1990, he pledged to end the Congress as a "Stop-and-Shop for financially-financed purposes".
When Brown campaigns in major states, he will eventually expand his platform beyond strict campaign finance reform policies. Although he focused on issues throughout the campaign, he highlighted his support for living wage laws and opposition to free trade agreements such as NAFTA; he mostly concentrated on his tax policy, which had been made especially for him by Arthur Laffer, a well-known supply-side economic advocate who created the Laffer curve. This plan, which calls for the reimbursement of progressive income tax with fixed tax and value added tax, both at a 13 per cent rate fixed, denounced by its opponents as regressive. However, it is supported by The New Republic Times, The New Republic and Forbes, and the increase in corporate taxes and the elimination of loopholes that tend to benefit which is very rich, proved popular with voters. This is, perhaps, not surprisingly, because polls taken at the time found that as many as three quarters of all Americans believe that the current tax code is unfair to the rich. He "seems to be the left-wing and most right-wing on the field... [calls] for deadlines, flat taxes, and the removal of the Ministry of Education". Brown scored a staggering victory in Connecticut and Colorado and appeared to be ready to take over Clinton's position.
Due to his limited budget, Brown began using an alternative media mix and unusual fundraising techniques. Unable to pay for actual advertising, he often uses cable television and radio interviews as a free media form to convey his message to voters. To raise funds, he buys a toll-free number, which adorns all his campaign attitudes. During the campaign, Brown's repetition of this figure combined with the moralistic language used, prompted some to describe it as a "political evangelist" with an "anti-political gospel".
Despite the poor performances at the Iowa caucus (1.6%) and the primary New Hampshire (8%), Brown soon managed to win a narrow victory in Maine, Colorado, Nevada and Vermont, but he continues to be seen as a minor threat to many of the Campaigns. Shortly after Super Tuesday, when the field has been narrowed down to Brown, former Sen. Paul Tsongas of Massachusetts, and then-then-front runner-Governor Bill Clinton of Arkansas, that Brown began to emerge as a major competitor in the press. On March 17, Brown forced Tsongas out of the race when he got a strong third place in Illinois primary and then defeated the senator for second place in Michigan by a huge margin. Exactly a week later, he confirmed his position as a major threat to Clinton when he won a bit of victory in the fiercest Connecticut. As the press focused on the primaries in New York and Wisconsin, both of which would be held on the same day, Brown, who had led the elections in both states, made the mistake: He announced to audiences of New York City Jewish Community leaders who, if nominated, he will consider Reverend Jesse Jackson as a vice presidential candidate. Jackson, who has made a pair of anti-semitic comments about Jews in general, and the New York City Jews in particular, when running for president in 1984, are still not trusted in the Jewish community. Jackson also has a relationship with Louis Farrakhan, famous for his own anti-semitism, and with Yasir Arafat, chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization. The number of Brown polls suffered. On April 7, he narrowly lost to Bill Clinton in Wisconsin (37% -34%), and dramatically in New York (41% -26%).
Although Brown continues to campaign in a number of states, he does not win further preliminary elections. Despite spending a lot of money, Brown won a disappointing win in seven states and "the votes won for the money-pool ratio" are by far the best of all candidates in the race. He still has a sizable amount of delegates, and a major victory in his state in California will lift enough support from Hillary to win the Democratic Party nomination, which is likely to result in a brokered convention. After nearly a month of intense campaigning and much debate between the two candidates, Clinton managed to beat Brown in the final final with a margin of 48% to 41%. Although Brown did not win the nomination, he was able to boast one achievement: at the Democratic National Convention the following month, he received votes from 596 delegates at the first vote, more than any candidate except Clinton. He speaks at convention, and to a nationally viewing audience, but without the support of Clinton, through his own nominating support device. There was hostility between Brown and Clinton campaigns, and Brown was the first political figure to criticize Bill Clinton about what came to be known as the Whitewater controversy.
The Mayor of Oakland (1999-2007)
In 1995, with Brown's political career at a low point, in the film Jade, California's fictitious governor told the assistant district attorney to drop a case, "unless you want a future for the future. as Jerry Brown ". The DA assistant replied, "Who is Jerry Brown?"
What would have been Brown's re-emergence into politics after six years was in Oakland, California, a "minority minority town of 400,000". Brown ran as an independent after leaving the Democratic Party, blowing up what he called a "very corrupt" two-party system.Before coming to power, Brown campaigned for the approval of voters to change the political structure of Oakland's "weak mayor", who formed the mayor as chairman city ​​council and official greeter, to the structure of a "powerful mayor", where the mayor will act as chief executive over non-political municipal managers and thus various city departments, and break a voice tie at Oakland City Council.He won with 59% voting in the field of ten candidates.The political left is hoping for some of the more progressive politics of Brown's previous administration, but found Brown "more pragmatic than progressive, more interested in rebuilding downtown and economic growth than political ideology." As mayor, he invited the Corps US Marines to use the Oakland field for mili training imitated as part of Operation Urban Warrior.
The city is rapidly losing its population and business, and Brown is credited with starting a city revitalization using his connections and experience to reduce the economic downturn, while attracting $ 1 billion investment, including fixing Fox Theater, Port of Oakland and Jack London Square. The downtown district is losing retailers, restaurant owners and housing developers, and Brown is trying to attract thousands of new residents with disposable income to revitalize the area. Brown continued his predecessor's public policy Elihu Harris supported the construction of a downtown residential area defined as the Central Business District at Oakland's General Plan in 1994. Since Brown is working towards a stated destination to bring 10,000 additional residents to Downtown Oakland, his plan is known as "10K". This has resulted in a rebuilding project in Jack London District, where Brown buys and then sells an industrial warehouse he uses as a private residence, and in Lakeside Apartments District near Lake Merritt. The 10K plan has touched the historic Old Oakland district, Chinatown district, Uptown district, and Downtown. Brown surpassed the stated goal of attracting 10,000 residents according to city records, and building a more affordable housing than the previous mayor's administration.
Brown campaigned for the restoration of Oakland schools, but the "bureaucratic fight" reduced his efforts. He admits he has never mastered the schools, and his reform efforts "largely failed". She focuses on the creation of two charter schools, Oakland School for the Arts and the Oakland Military Institute. Defending his support for the school of military charter in Oakland, Brown once told KQED reporter Stephen Talbot, "I believe that I have been sent to the military academy, when my mother and father threatened, I will be president for a long time."
Another area of ​​disappointment is evil as a whole. Brown sponsored nearly two dozen crime initiatives to reduce crime rates, although crime declined 13 percent overall, the city still suffered a "57 percent surge in its last year's killing of office, to 148 overall."
The first successful long-term run of Brown as the mayor of Oakland is documented in an hour of KQED documentary, "The Celebrity and the City" (2001) which evaluates his record in addressing four stated objectives: reducing crime, improving education, attracting 10,000 new residents to downtown bounce back, and encourage art.
In 2004, Brown expressed interest in becoming a candidate for Democratic nomination for California Attorney General in the 2006 election, and in May 2004, he formally filed for run. He defeated his main Democratic opponent, Los Angeles City lawyer Rocky Delgadillo, 63% to 37%. In the election, Brown defeated Republican State Sen. Charles Poochigian 56.3% to 38.2%, one of the biggest margin wins in every California state race. In the final weeks leading up to Election Day, Brown's eligibility to run for prosecution was challenged in what Brown called "political action by a Republican office seeker" (chairman of the Central Committee of the Republic of Contra Costa County and GOP country candidate Tom Del Beccaro ). The Plaintiff claims Brown does not meet the requirements in accordance with the California Government Code Ã,§12503, "No person is eligible for the Prosecutor General's office unless he has been allowed to practice before the Supreme Court of the country for a period of at least five years immediately prior to his election or appointment to the office. "Legal analysts call the lawsuit reckless as Brown accepted to practice law in the State of California on June 14, 1965, and has since been accepted to practice. Although not eligible to practice law due to his voluntary voluntary status at the State Bar of California from January 1, 1997, to May 1, 2003, he continued to recognize his practice. Due to these differences, the case was eventually discarded.
As the attorney general, Brown represents the state in fighting the death sentence and declares that he will follow the law, regardless of his personal belief in the death penalty. The death penalty by lethal injection was stopped in California by federal judge Jeremy D. Fogel until new facilities and procedures were introduced. Brown moved to resume the death penalty in 2010 with the execution of Albert Greenwood Brown after the lifting of a state moratorium by a California court. Brown's Democrat campaign, which promises to "enforce the law" of California, denied any connection between the case and the election of the governor. Attorney Rod Pacheco, who supports Republican opponent Meg Whitman, says it's unfair to accuse Jerry Brown of using executions for political gain because they never discussed the case.
In June 2008, Brown filed a fraud lawsuit claiming mortgage lender Countrywide Financial was involved in an "unfair and deceptive" practice to get homeowners to apply for a risky mortgage well beyond their means. Brown accuses lenders of violating state law against false advertising and unfair business practices. The lawsuit also claims that the defendant misleads many consumers by giving wrong information about how certain mortgages work such as adjustment rate mortgages, interest-only loans, low documentation loans and home equity loans while informing borrowers that they will be able to refinance before interest their loan rate is adjusted. The lawsuit was settled in October 2008 after Bank of America acquired Countrywide. The settlement involves modification of the troubled 'predatory loan' to $ 8.4 billion.
Proposition 8, an amendment approved by voters approved by the state constitution prohibiting same-sex marriage was enforced in May 2009 by the California Supreme Court. In August 2010, the US District Court for the Northern District of California ruled that Proposition 8 violated the Process Effect and Protection clause that is equal to the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. Brown and then Republican Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger refused to file an appeal. The country's appeals court refused to order men to defend propositions and schedule hearings in early December to see if there was any "legal standing to appeal against Walker's decision".
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California's 39th governor (2011-present)
Third term
Brown announced his candidacy for the governor on March 2, 2010. First showing his interest in early 2008, Brown formed an exploratory committee to seek a third term as governor in 2010, after the end of Arnold Schwarzenegger's term of office.
Republican opponent Brown in the election is former president of eBay Meg Whitman. Brown is supported by the Los Angeles Times, The San Francisco Chronicle, San Jose Mercury News and the Union International Service Employees.
Both Whitman and Brown were criticized for a negative campaign during the election. During their final debate at the Women's Conference 2010 a week before the election, moderator Matt Lauer asked the two candidates to withdraw advertisement attacks for the rest of the election, which sparked loud cheers from the audience. Brown agrees and chooses one ad each and Whitman that he thinks, if Whitman will agree, should be the only one run, but Whitman, who has been cheering loudly earlier as the country's first female governor candidate, is booed when he declares that he will save "ads that talk about where Governor Brown stands on issues".
The Los Angeles Times reported that nearly $ 250 million was spent on the Governor's race. At least two expense records broken during the campaign. Whitman broke his personal spending record by spending $ 140 million of his own money on the campaign, and his independent spending exceeded $ 31.7 million, with nearly $ 25 million spent supporting Brown. Although significantly issued by Whitman, Brown won the governor's 53.8% race to Whitman's 40.9%.
Brown was sworn in for a third term as governor on January 3, 2011, replacing members of the Republican Party, Arnold Schwarzenegger. Brown works on a budget that will shift many government programs from state to local level, reversing the trend from his first term as governor.
On June 28, 2012, Governor Brown signed a budget that made major cuts to social services on the assumption that voters would pass $ 8 billion in tax increases in November 2012 to cover California's $ 15.7 billion budget deficit. "This budget reflects the tough choices that will help California get back on track," Governor Brown said in a statement.
Governor Brown stated: "We need budget cuts We need sustained economic growth for a long time We suffer from a credit crisis that killed 600,000 jobs in the construction industry... We recover from a slow national recession - more than 300,000 jobs [earned] since the recession.We have a million to go.That needs to be continued, but it depends not only on Barack Obama and the Congress and the Federal Reserve but also on [German Chancellor Angela] Merkel, China, the European Union, and the quality of the world's self-regulating economy own. "
In September 2012, Brown signed a law sponsored by California State Senator Ted Lieu, which prohibited demonstrators from conducting a funeral within 300 feet, with offenders punished by fines and jail time; in response to protests by the Westboro Baptist Church.
In the November 2012 election, voters approved Brown's proposed increase in taxes in the form of Proposition 30. Prop 30 raising the personal income tax of the state increased for seven years for California residents with annual revenues in excess of US $ 250,000 and an increase in state sales tax by 0.25 percent for four years. This allows the state to avoid cutting nearly $ 6 billion for public education.
In 2013, Brown proposed a $ 25 billion Delta Bay Conservation Plan (later renamed California Water Fix and Eco Restore project) to build two 30-foot (48 km) large four-storey tunnels to bring clean water from the Sacramento River in down the Delta Sacramento-San Joaquin to the intake station for the Water Projects and the Central Valley Project. Unlike previous Peripheral Channel projects, the two tunnels were funded by agencies and users who benefited from the project and did not require voter approval.
In July 2014, Brown traveled to Mexico to hold meetings with Mexican President Enrique PeÃÂ ± a Nieto and other Central American leaders about the ongoing childhood immigration crisis.
On September 16, 2014, Governor Brown signed a historical package of groundwater legislation. The plan will organize local agents and also implement management plans to achieve water sustainability in 20 years.
Fourth term
Brown announced his bid for re-election on February 27, 2014. On June 3, he came first in a major election with more than 1.5 million votes. He received 54.3% of the vote and advanced to the general election with Republican Neel Kashkari, who took 19.38% of the vote.
There is only one governor debate. When asked to schedule another, Brown refused. During a debate in Sacramento on September 4, 2014, Kashkari accused Brown of failing to improve California's business climate. The main example is the investment of Tesla Motors factory, creating 6,500 manufacturing jobs, going to Nevada rather than California. Brown replied that the advance cash payment required by the investment is unfair to California taxpayers. Various issues were debated, including recent legislation to ban plastic bags at grocery stores that Brown promised to sign and Kashkari thought unimportant.
Brown said that if he is elected for a fourth and final term he will continue to transfer powers to local governments, especially on criminal justice and education policies, and will oppose the Democrats' "gold rush" for new programs and expenditures.
In the election, Brown was re-elected with 3,645,835 votes (59.2%) to Kashkari 2,511,722 (40.8%). Its stated purpose for its unprecedented fourth term in office is to build the High Speed ​​Speed ​​of California, to create tunnels to support the state water system and to curb carbon dioxide emissions. He still has a $ 20 million campaign fund that he can use to advance ballot papers if the legislature does not support his plan.
In October 2015, Brown signed the California End-of-Life Option Law that allowed California residents to meet stringent criteria for using the right to die by accessing medical assistance in dying. During the sign-off, he took unusual steps by adding a personal message indicating his dilemma of ethical considerations involved and stated that he felt unable to deny the right to choose someone else.
On December 18, 2015, Brown moved into the Historic Governor's Mansion, now part of the Governor's Palace Historic Garden.
In the 2018-2019 budget plan released by Brown on January 10, 2018, the Governor proposed spending $ 120 million to set up an online college entirely in California in the fall of 2019.
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Electoral history
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Personal life
As a bachelor as governor and mayor, Brown drew attention for dating high-profile women, most notably singer Linda Ronstadt. In March 2005, Brown announced his engagement to his girlfriend since 1990, Anne Gust, former head of administration for The Gap. They were married on June 18, 2005 in a ceremony inaugurated by Senator Dianne Feinstein at the Rotunda Building in downtown Oakland. They held a second religious ceremony that day at the Roman Catholic Church in San Francisco where Brown's parents married. Brown and Gust live in Oakland Hills in a house purchased for $ 1.8 million, as quoted by The Huffington Post .
Jerry Brown's wife is her closest adviser and trusted person and acts as a strong influence in the revival of her political life.
Beginning in 1995, Brown held a daily call talk show at Pacifica radio station, KPFA-FM, in Berkeley that was broadcast to major US markets. Both Brown's radio program and political action organization, based in Oakland, are called We the People . The program, usually featuring invited guests, generally explores alternative views on various social and political issues, from education and health care to spirituality and capital punishment.
The official portrait of governor Jerry Brown, commemorating his first period as Governor of California, was painted by Don Bachardy and inaugurated in 1984. The painting has long been controversial because of his departure from traditional portrait norms.
Brown has a long-term friendship with his adjutant Jacques Barzaghi, whom he met in the early 1970s and wore a payroll. Author Roger Rapaport writes in his 1982 Brown biography California Dreaming: The Political Odyssey of Pat & amp; Jerry Brown , "This combined officer, driver, fashion consultant, decorator and trusted friend has no visible strength, but late at night, after everyone goes home to their family and the TV console, long time at the secretary's office. "Barzaghi and his sixth wife Aisha stayed with Brown at the warehouse in Jack London Square; Barzaghi was taken to the city government of Oakland on Brown election as mayor, where Barzaghi first acted as mayor armed guard. Barzaghi left Brown's staff in July 2004, six days after the police responded to his residence for domestic violence complaints.
In April 2011, Brown underwent surgery to remove basal cell carcinoma from the right side of his nose. In December 2012, the media reported that Brown was treated for an early stage (exact stage and level not mentioned) prostate cancer localized with a very good prognosis.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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