Media Tribunal , also known as Media Tribune Company and formerly known as Tribune Company , is an American conglomerate headquartered in Chicago, Illinois, USA. A large number of publicly traded Tribune stocks are held by three companies that are senior debt holders of the company: Oaktree Capital Management (which owns 23% of the shares), Angelo, Gordon & Co and JPMorgan Chase (both of which have 9%). The Tribune announced its sale to Hunt Valley, a Maryland-based conglomerate Sinclair Broadcast Group on May 8, 2017.
Through the Tribun Broadcasting, Tribune Media is one of the largest broadcasting companies, has 39 television stations across the United States and operates three additional stations through local marketing agreements; it also has WGN America's national cable/superstation channel, the regional cable news channel Chicagoland Television (CLTV) and the Chicago WGN radio station. Investment interests include Food Network (where the company maintains 31% ownership).
Prior to the spinoff of the corporate publishing division of August 2014 to Tribune Publishing (now called Tronc, Inc.), Tribune Media is the second largest newspaper publisher in the country (behind Gannett Company), with ten daily newspapers, including Chicago Tribune , Los Angeles Times , Orlando Sentinel , Sun-Sentinel and The Baltimore Sun , and some commuter tabloids.
The bankruptcy of Tribune Media 2008 is the biggest bankruptcy in the history of the American media industry. In December 2012, Tribune Co. emerging from bankruptcy.
Video Tribune Media
History
Pioneer printing
The Tribune Company was founded on June 10, 1847, The Chicago Daily Tribune (after the company's name) published the first edition in a one-room factory located at LaSalle and Lake Streets in downtown Chicago. The original press run consisted of 400 copies printed on the press of the hand. The Tribune built the first building, a four-story structure in Dearborn and Madison Streets, in 1869. It was destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire in October 1871, which also destroyed most of the city. The Tribune re-printed two days later with an editorial stating "Chicago Shall Rise Again." Joseph Medill, an Ohio native who first became interested in the Tribune in 1855, gained complete control of the newspaper in 1874 and ran it until his death in 1899.
Two Medill grandchildren, Robert R. McCormick's cousin and Joseph Medill Patterson, took over the company's leadership in 1911. That same year, the Chicago Tribune's first printing factory opened in Thorold , Ontario, Canada. The factory marked the beginning of a Canadian newspaper manufacturer later known as QUNO, where the Tribune held investment interests until 1995.
Patterson founded the second newspaper of the company, New York News in 1919. The Tribune's ownership of the New York City tabloid was considered "intertwined" because of an agreement between McCormick and Patterson.
This paper launched the European edition during World War I. To compete with the Saturday Evening Post and Collier's in 1924, the Tribune Company launched a weekly national magazine, Liberty >, run by a subsidiary, McCormick-Patterson.
Move to broadcast
The company entered broadcasting in 1924 by leasing WDAP, one of the first radio stations in Chicago. The Tribune then changed station call letters to WGN, reflecting the nickname of Tribune ', "World's Largest Newspaper." WGN was bought by the company in 1926 and later became the first in the radio industry.
In 1925, the company completed its new headquarters, Tribune Tower. In the same year, the company decided to fund the future of Joseph Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University.
Liberty eventually surpassed the circulation of Collier, but it did not have enough advertising and was sold in 1931. The European Tribune edition was also cut off. However, Tribune launched the Syndicate Chicago Tribune-New York News syndication service in 1933.
With the death of Joe Patterson's brother and the owner of the Washington Times-Herald, Eleanor (Cissy) Patterson, in 1948, the Tribune Company purchased paper and operated it until 1954, when The Times -Herald > absorbed by The Washington Post . Expecting a printer strike in November 1948, the Tribune printed their paper early, incorrectly declaring "Dewey Defeats Truman" in the 1948 presidential election. The Tribune entered the television industry, later in its growth, in 1948, WGN-TV in Chicago in April and WPIX in New York City in June of that year. In 1956, the Tribune Company purchased Chicago American from William Randolph Hearst.
In the 1960s, the company entered the fast-growing Florida market, acquiring Fort Lauderdale-based Gore News Company, owners of Pompano-based SunPoint and Fort Lauderdale News. in 1963 and Sentinel-Star Company, the owner of Orlando Sentinel , in 1965. Also in 1963, the company purchased parts of the folded New York Mirror. The company increased its ownership of broadcast stations by acquiring WQCD-FM radio stations in New York City in 1964 and KWGN-TV independent television station in Denver in 1965. In 1967, the company began printing tabloids serving the Chicago suburbs, The Suburban Trib .
The corporation was reorganized in 1968 by reuniting in Delaware, terminating its merger in Illinois, dividing its shares by four to one and forming a separate subsidiary of the Chicago Tribune.
The 1970s became a decade of acquisition for the company including the purchase of a Los Angeles shopper in 1973, which became the Los Angeles Daily News. In 1973, the company began sharing stories among 25 customers through its newly formed news service, Knight News Wire. In 1990, the service was known as KRT (Knight-Ridder/Tribune) and provided graphics, photos and news content to its member newspapers. When The McClatchy Company buys Knight-Ridder Inc. in 2006, KRT became MCT (McClatchy-Tribune Information Services), jointly owned by the Tribune Company and McClatchy.
The company ceased publishing the Chicago Today tabloid in 1974; The Tribune also began publishing editions throughout the day. Approval of changes to the Tribun Party's 1974 law sparked a lawsuit by shareholders who saw this as a move to take public companies. The lawsuit by Josephine Albright - the daughter of Joseph Patterson - and her son, Joseph Albright, was dismissed in 1979.
The Tribune Company entered its first television syndication in 1975 with the US debut. Farm Report . The Times-Advocate in Escondido, California was purchased by the company in 1977. In October 1978, United Video Satellite Group linked WGN-TV signals to satellites, became a national "superstation", joining the WTCG then WTBS, now WPCH-TV) in Atlanta and WWOR-TV in New York City. During 1978, the New York Daily News saw some employee strikes.
In 1980, Daily News added an afternoon edition to go face-to-face with the New York Post ; this expansion was unsuccessful, with newspapers returning to the once-daily edition with a stop of the afternoon edition in 1981. Also in that year, Independent Network News (evening news broadcasts dedicated to independent stations) was launched as a television program syndication of both companies, originating from WPIX. The New York Daily News was put up for sale in 1981, but the proposed deal fell in 1982. In August of that year, the Tribune bought the Chicago Cubs Major League Baseball team from William Wrigley III.
In 1981, all Tribune television stations, which were previously under the WGN Continental Broadcasting unit, were placed under the company's umbrella subsidiary, Tribune Broadcasting Company. The following year, the Tribune formed the Tribun Entertainment Company as a production subsidiary to produce existing corporate syndication programs (including the US Agricultural Report), as well as new events.
Public company
In 1983, The Suburban Trib was replaced by a zonal edition of the Chicago Tribune. In October, the Tribune Company became a public company, with sales of 7.7 million shares worth $ 26.75 per share. In 1985, Tribune Broadcasting acquired an independent Los Angeles KTLA station from Kohlberg Kravis Roberts for a record $ 510 million; because of the Federal Communications Commission's cross-media regulations, which prohibit ownership of television stations and newspapers in the same market, the Tribune was forced to sell Los Angeles Daily News. With KTLA purchases, Tribune is the owner of the fourth largest television station in the United States, behind three major broadcast networks. The company acquired the newspaper Newport News, Virginia, the Daily Press in 1986, but sold the cable television operations of a newspaper partner.
To counteract the possibility of a hostile takeover of companies in 1987, the Tribune Company developed a plan that allows shareholders the right to purchase preferred additional shares from a series of new shares in the event that the buyer earns 10% of the company's common stock or tender offer. for the company. The shareholders also ratified the two-for-one stock split. Tribune Entertainment experienced success in 1987 with the launch of a syndicated talktime talk show Geraldo . In 1988, the Tribune purchased five weekly papers based in Santa Clara County, California. After a dispute with several of its trade unions, the Tribune sold The Daily News to British businessman Robert Maxwell in 1991.
With the changes taking place in the media industry with greater public access to the internet in the 1990s, Tribune Publishing, the Tribune publishing unit, began selling some of its newspaper properties. Tribun Broadcasting has continued to acquire additional stations during this decade, while the Tribune itself launched two new divisions, Tribune Ventures and Tribune Education. In 1993, Tribune Broadcasting launched Chicagoland Television (CLTV), a 24-hour local cable news channel for the Chicago area.
The online edition of the Tribune newspaper was developed beginning in 1995, with the launch of the digital edition of Chicago Tribune ' in 1996. Also in 1996, the Tribune (which has a 20% interest) created a joint venture with American Online (which has an 80% interest) called Digital City, Inc. to create a series of Digital City websites to provide interactive local news and information services. In 1997, Tribune Publishing only had four daily newspapers left in its portfolio: Chicago Tribune , Fort Lauderdale Sun-Sentinel , Orlando Sentinel and Press Daily . The Tribune also established the Tribune Ventures division to gain a stake in the newer media business. During the middle of that year, Tribune Ventures bought shares in companies such as AOL (owns 4%), electronic payment specialist CheckFree Corporation (owns 5%), search engine company Excite, Inc. (owns 7%), Mercury Mail, Inc. (owns 13%), Open Market, Inc. (owns 6%), and Peapod LP (owns 13%). Also that year, Orlando Sentinel and Time Warner Cable joined together to create a local cable news channel based in Orlando, Central Florida, News 13. The Tribune also bought a 31% stake in Food Network.
The company started the 1990s with six television stations, but changes in federal radio and television ownership regulations enabled the Tribune to expand its television station ownership over the next decade. Tribune Broadcasting bought ten additional stations in 1997, six of which were acquired through the purchase of Renaissance Broadcasting this year for $ 1.1 billion in cash. The Tribune bought a 12.5% ​​stake in The WB Television Network in August 1995; the company has ten of its 16 network affiliated stations (including five signed as an affiliate of the charter through the 1993 WB affiliate's initial agreement with the Tribune). The Tribune invested $ 21 million in The WB in March 1997, which increased its stake in the network to 21.9%.
In November 1994, Tribune Broadcasting formed a partnership with several minority partners, including Quincy Jones, to form Qwest Broadcasting; Qwest operates as a technically separate company from the Tribune (which has stations in several markets where the Tribune already has stations, including WATL in Atlanta, operated with the Tribune's WGNX);
Tribune entered a new business sector when it formed Tribun Education in 1993. This sector grew and provided a high profit margin. From then until 1996, the Tribune used $ 400 million to buy several publishers of educational materials: Contemporary Books, Inc., The Wright Group, Everyday Learning Corporation, Jamestown Publishers, Inc., Educational Publishing Corporation, NTC Publishing Group, and Janson Publications. In 1996, the group was the number one publisher of additional educational materials. Tribune Education acquired 80.5% stake in the mass market children's book publisher Landoll in 1997.
In June 1998, the Tribun entered into trade agreements with Emmis Communications to exchange WQCD-FM with the latter company, in return for the acquisition of two television stations owned by Emmis (WXMI in Grand Rapids, Michigan and KTZZ in Seattle, Washington). It later traded WGNX in Atlanta to Meredith Corporation in exchange for KCPQ-TV in Seattle in March 1999. Later that year, the station bought WEWB in Albany, New York and WBDC in Washington, DC Tribune Interactive, Inc. established to handle all websites for publishing, television and radio, and newspaper properties. During the 1999 fiscal year, the Tribune generated a profit of 1.47 billion dollars over total revenues of 2.92 billion dollars, partly from profits generated from the sale of some of its internet investments. In February 2000, the Tribune acquired the remaining 67% stake in Qwest Broadcasting for $ 107 million, effectively adding two more stations to its roster, increasing its reach to 27% of the country.
In June 2000, the Tribune acquired Los Angeles-based Times Mirror Company in a $ 8.3 billion merger deal, the largest acquisition in the history of the newspaper industry, effectively doubling the size of the Tribune newspaper. The Times Mirror incorporation added seven daily newspapers to an existing Tribune property publishing, including the Los Angeles Times Long Island, Newsday , The Baltimore Sun and Hartford Courant . Through the deal, the Tribune is the only media company with both newspapers and television stations in the three largest media markets of New York City, Los Angeles and Chicago, as a result of the FCC's crossownership abandonment.
Among other advantages of mergers, including various economies of scale, the Tribune newspaper can now compete effectively for national advertising, having grown to become the country's third largest newspaper group. Tribune Media Net, the national advertising sales organization Tribune Publishing, was established in 2000 to take advantage of the expanded scale and scope of the company. In 2001, revenues had grown to $ 5.25 billion. However, the Tribune needs to pay part of the debt accumulated through the purchase of the Times Mirror; as a result, the Tribune moved to sell various non-newspaper ownership operated by the Times Mirror. Flight information provider Jeppesen Sanderson was sold to Boeing for $ 1.5 billion in October 2000. Also in October, the International Research Institute purchased AchieveGlobal, a $ 100 million consulting and training firm. Times Mirror Magazines sold to Time, Inc. in November of that year for $ 475 million. The Tribune released the Tribune Education division to The McGraw-Hill Companies for $ 686 million in September 2000. After all these sales, the Tribune still has $ 4 billion in long-term debt. The Tribune started a joint venture with Knight-Ridder, CareerBuilder, in the same year.
After the September 11, 2001 attacks, the media sector experienced a larger drop in advertising revenue. This forces a 10% reduction in staff across the company and a $ 151.9 million restructuring fee.
In 2002 and 2003, Tribune Broadcasting purchased four additional television stations, increasing its total television ownership to 26 stations, some of which were obtained through the trading of company radio stations; this left a one-time WGN (AM) radio station in Chicago as the only remaining radio station. Tribune Publishing buys Chicago's monthly lifestyle publication Chicago from Primedia, Inc. in August 2002. Hoy , a Spanish-language newspaper owned by the company, was expanded with the launch of local editions in Chicago (in September 2003) and Los Angeles (March 2004).
The Tribune also launched a daily newspaper targeting younger urban commuters, including the edition of Chicago Tribune ' s RedEye in 2003, followed by investment at AM New York . That same year, the Tribune also encouraged the FCC to loosen its rules prohibiting cross-ownership of newspapers and broadcast outlets (television and/or radio) on a single market; The Tribune must sell newspapers or television stations in Los Angeles, New York City and Hartford while the combination of Sun-Sentinel and WBZL-TV in Miami/Fort Lauderdale, Florida is temporary. abandonment. The FCC granted relief to other newspaper-television combinations in June 2003.
In 2006, Tribune acquired minority minority interest in AM New York , granting full ownership of the newspaper. The company sold both Newsday and AM New York to Cablevision Systems Corporation in 2008.
The Tribune partnership at The WB ended in 2006, when the network was closed - along with UPN of CBS Corporation - to create CW Television Network, jointly owned by CBS and Time Warner and affiliated with several stations belonging to the Tribune; The Tribune does not retain ownership in the network.
Zell Ownership
On April 2, 2007, Chicago-based investor Sam Zell announced plans to buy the Tribune Company for $ 34.00 per share, valued at $ 8.2 billion, in order to take the company personally. The agreement was approved by 97% of the company's shareholders on August 21, 2007. The privatization of the Tribune Company took place on December 20, 2007 with the suspension of trading of Tribune shares at the close of trading day.
On December 21, 2007, the Tribune and Oak Hill Capital Partners-controlled Local TV, LLC announced plans to collaborate on establishing a "broadcast management company" (later named The Other Company). On January 31, 2008, the Tribune Company announced it would purchase leased real estate from TMCT, LLC, which includes properties used by Los Angeles Times , Newsday , Baltimore Sun and Hartford Courant . The Company received an option to purchase real estate for $ 175 million through a restructuring of TMCT, LLC in 2006.
In addition, the Tribune announced the sale of Tribune Studios and related real estate in Los Angeles to private equity firm Hudson Capital, LLC, for $ 125 million. The parties also agreed to lease five years allowing its TV station in the city, KTLA, to continue operating on site until 2012.
On April 28, 2008, Tribune completed the real estate acquisition of TMCT Partnership. On July 29, 2008, Cablevision Systems Corporation completed the purchase of the Newsday from the Tribune.
On September 8, 2008, United Airlines lost (and then the same day almost returned) $ 1 billion in market value when the archived Chicago Tribune article from 2002 about United filing for bankruptcy appeared in "the most views "categories on the South Florida Sun-Sentinel ' website. Passing Google News index next finds links as new news. The Revenue Security Advisor found Google's results as new news, which was forwarded to Bloomberg News where it made headlines (The Tribune, which owns both newspapers, notes that a single click on a story in non-peak hours can mark an article as "most viewed").
Reorganization of bankruptcy
On December 8, 2008, faced with high debt loads associated with the privatization of the company and the sharp decline in newspaper advertising revenue, the Tribune filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. The company's plan initially requested the company to exit bankruptcy on May 31, 2010, but the company will end in a protracted bankruptcy process over the next four years. With a total debt of $ 13 billion, it is the largest bankruptcy in the history of the American media industry.
On October 27, 2009, Thomas S. Ricketts bought majority ownership (95%) of the Chicago Cubs. Sales also include Wrigley Field and a 25% stake in Comcast SportsNet Chicago, as part of an agreement designed to assist the Tribune restructuring. In October 2010, Randy Michaels, who was appointed CEO after the purchase of Zell company, was removed and replaced by the executive board. The New York Times has reported earlier this month about "strange, often sexual behavior" that he also did in his previous work at Clear Channel Communications.
Public company second time
On July 13, 2012, the Tribune Company received approval from the reorganization plan to allow the company to step out of Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection at the Delaware bankruptcy court. Oaktree Capital Management, JPMorgan Chase and Angelo, Gordon & amp; Co., which is the company's senior debt holder, took over control of the Tribune property after the company went out of bankruptcy on December 31, 2012. Coinciding with the emergence of bankruptcy, the company's shares began trading as an over-the-counter guarantee under the TRBAA symbol. In December 2014, the over-the-counter trading ended and the company's stock started trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the TRCO symbol.
On February 26, 2013, it was reported that the Tribune hired the investment firm Evercore Partners and J.P. Morgan to oversee the sale of his newspapers. On July 1, 2013, the Tribune announced that it would buy 19 television stations owned by Local TV, LLC for $ 2.75 billion. The FCC approved the acquisition on December 20, and the sale was completed one week later on December 27.
The Tribune then announced its comeback to television production on March 19, 2013, with the relaunch of its production and distribution division as Tribune Studios (not to be confused with the name of Los Angeles's former studio facility, Sunset Bronson Studios).
Media Tribunal
On July 10, 2013, the Tribune announced that it would be divided into two companies, spinning from newspapers that are part of its publishing division into a separate company. Broadcasting, digital media and other assets (including Tribune Media Services, which, among other things, provide news content and features for Tribune newspapers) will remain with the Tribune Company. The split took place on similar spin-out measures by News Corporation and Time Warner, which sought to increase the profitability of their properties by separating them from the troubled print industry. On November 20, 2013, the Tribune announced it would cut 700 jobs in newspaper operations, citing declining advertising revenue.
The split was completed on 4 August 2014, with a publishing arm spun out as Tribune Publishing (now Tronc), and the rest of the company being renamed to Tribune Media .
Sales to Sinclair Broadcast Group
On February 29, 2016, Tribune Media announced that it would review various "strategic alternatives" to increase the value of the company to shareholders, including the possibility of selling the entire company and/or selecting assets, or forming a programming alliance or strategic partnership with other companies, share prices since Tribune Publishing's issuance and revenues of $ 385 million for fiscal year 2015, partly due to genuine script programming expenditures for the American WGN for converting a cable network from a superstation in 2014.
In 2016, Tribune Media sold real estate property to $ 409 million while awarding $ 400 million for repurchase of shares. In December 2016, Tribune Media sold Gracenote to Nielsen Holdings for $ 560 million; Tribune plans to use sales to pay debts of $ 3.5 billion. Cash in hand is expected to pay $ 500 million in dividends in the first quarter of 2017. In January 2017, Tribune Media announced that Peter Liguori would resign as President and CEO in March.
On April 20, 2017, Bloomberg reported that Sinclair Broadcast Group is considering acquiring Tribune Media, relying on plans by the new FCC chairman, Ajit Pai, to return "UHF discount" (a policy that makes UHF stations only count half of their total audience headed for a 39% FCC market share cap, which Tom Wheeler had removed during the last months of the Obama administration. The shares of both companies rose in value after the rumors. As expected, the FCC returns UHF discounts; under the adjusted calculation, the two firms only have a combined market share of 42%, which means that the combined company will be required to divest to stay below the limit. However, there are only 11% of overlapping markets between the Tribune and Sinclair stations, which can simplify the process.
On April 30, 2017, The Wall Street Journal reported that there was a competitive bid for the Tribune from a partnership between 21st Century Fox and private equity firm Blackstone Group (where Fox would donate its existing station group into the joint venture with Blackstone), and Nexstar Media Group. The Fox/Blackstone deal is being proposed as a defensive move, as concerns by 21st Century Fox over the number of Fox-affiliate stations Sinclair will control if it acquires Tribune Media. However, The New York Times reports that Fox has not really made an official offer for Tribune Media.
On May 8, 2017, Sinclair Broadcast Group officially announced its intention to acquire Tribune Media. The transaction will be a cash-and-stock transaction valuing the company at $ 3.9 billion, plus the $ 2.7 billion assumed debt of the Tribune.
On June 1, 2017, a federal appeals court blocked the FCC's introduction of UHF discounts, creating barriers to the Sinclair-Tribune agreement.
On June 15, 2017, the court appealed their stay at the FCC's introduction of UHF discounts, clearing the obstacles to the Sinclair-Tribune deal.
On July 13, 2017, a Tribune Media shareholder, identified as Sean McEntire, filed a class action lawsuit, attempted to stop selling the Tribune to Sinclair, while former US Securities and Exchange Commission lawyer Willie Briscoe has begun investigating Tribune sales for Sinclair. On the same date, another Tribune Media shareholder, identified in a legal document as Robert Berg, also filed a class action lawsuit. The lawsuit accused Sinclair & amp; The Tribune holds the details of the financial projections of both companies and the processes used in the assessment analyzes conducted by their financial advisors. Additionally, the registration statement allegedly omitted information about potential conflicts of interest regarding the Tribune's board of directors and one of its financial advisers. Berg further claimed that shareholders are entitled to "accurate description" of the background of the deal, including the process used by the board to arrive at their decision to recommend the merger. Without this information, Berg argues, shareholders can not determine whether they support the deal.
On July 18, 2017, a shareholder of Media Tribune 3, identified in a legal document as David Pill, also filed a class action lawsuit seeking to stop Sinclair's acquisition of the Tribune.
On July 27, 2017, the law firm of Faruqi & amp; Faruqi, LLP, filed a class action suit on behalf of Tribune Media shareholder who has been harmed by Tribune's and alleged violations of its directorship in Sections 14 (a) and 20 (a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 in connection with the Company's merger plan with Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc.
On October 19, 2017, it was reported that Tribune Media shareholders had approved a $ 3.9 billion deal for the company to be acquired by Sinclair Broadcast Group.
On October 24, 2017, it was reported that the Federal Communications Commission omitted a rule requiring broadcasting station groups to maintain a physical presence in their main local area coverage community, a move that would help media companies further consolidate their operations and potentially help Sinclair Broadcast Group's media ambitions.
On November 29, 2017, it was reported that Sinclair Broadcast Group reportedly approached an agreement with the US Justice Department to sell television stations as a condition of approval for the $ 3.9 billion Tribune Media acquisition.
The US Justice Department has indicated that it is ready to agree on an agreement between Sinclair Broadcast Group and Tribune Media - but on February 15, 2018, the New York Times reported that a recent amendment was made to Federal Communications Commission rules governing the media - to guarantee merger by the Chairman currently, Ajit Pai, alleges that the amendment announced by the Chair was made in the interest of Sinclair, as alleged by the FCC's own inspector general David L. Hunt.
Maps Tribune Media
Assets
- Tribun Broadcasting, broadcasting media ownership
- WGN America
- Chicagoland Television, regional cable news channel
- Tribune (FN) Cable Ventures Inc.
- Food Television Network, G.P. (30%, with Discovery Inc.)
- Food Network
- Cooking Channel
- Food Television Network, G.P. (30%, with Discovery Inc.)
Digital assets
Former asset
- Gracenote, print and digital news and proprietary information
- Tribune Publishing, print media ownership
- WB Television Network, channel with Warner Bros.
See also
- List of assets owned by the Tribune Company
- List of professional sports team owners
- List of company assets
References
Further reading
- Auletta, Ken (May 1998). "City Synergy". American Journalism Review . College Park, Maryland: University of Maryland Foundation . Retrieved January 1, 2014 .
External links
- Official website
- Nieman Journalism Lab. "Tribune Company". Encyclo: an encyclopedia of the future news . Retrieved April 1, 2012 .
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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